FSH is a pituitary hormone essential for reproductive health. In women, it stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles, leading to egg development and estrogen production. In men, it regulates spermatogenesis by acting on Sertoli cells in the testes. Abnormal levels can indicate infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or pituitary dysfunction.

LH is another pituitary hormone that works closely with FSH to regulate the reproductive system. In women, a surge in LH triggers ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. In men, LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone. Imbalances may signal infertility, delayed puberty, or hormonal disorders.

Estradiol is the most potent form of estrogen, primarily produced by the ovaries. It regulates the menstrual cycle, stimulates endometrial growth, and influences secondary sexual characteristics. Estradiol also plays vital roles in bone density, cardiovascular health, and mood regulation. Abnormal levels can be linked to infertility, menopause symptoms, or endocrine disorders.

AMH is produced by granulosa cells of ovarian follicles and is widely used as a marker of ovarian reserve. Higher AMH levels indicate a greater number of developing follicles, while low levels may suggest diminished fertility potential or approaching menopause. In men, AMH plays a role in male sexual differentiation during fetal development.

TSH is produced by the pituitary gland and regulates thyroid function by stimulating the thyroid gland to release thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These thyroid hormones control metabolism, energy balance, and growth. Abnormal TSH levels are key indicators of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism and are routinely measured in thyroid function tests.

Prolactin is secreted by the anterior pituitary and is best known for stimulating breast development and milk production after childbirth. It also influences reproductive function by suppressing ovulation during breastfeeding. High prolactin levels (hyperprolactinemia) may cause irregular periods, infertility, or galactorrhea, while low levels are rare but can impair lactation.

Progesterone is a steroid hormone secreted mainly by the corpus luteum after ovulation and by the placenta during pregnancy. It prepares the endometrium for embryo implantation, maintains pregnancy, and balances the effects of estrogen. Low levels can cause menstrual irregularities, miscarriages, or infertility, while high levels may be linked to ovarian or adrenal issues.